Salmonella Typhi/ Paratyphi Antigen Rapid Test

Intended Use

Salmonella Typhi/Paratyphi Antigen Rapid Test (Feces) is a rapid visual immunoassay for the qualitative presumptive detection and differentiation of S. typhi and/or S. paratyphi A antigens in human fecal specimens. Salmonella Typhi/Paratyphi Antigen Rapid Test is intended to be used as an aid in the detection and differentiation of S. typhi and S. paratyphi A associated with typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.

Introduction

Salmonella enterica subsp enterica contains a large number of serovars accounting for more than 99.5% of isolated Salmonella strains. Among these serovars, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi, often called as S. typhi and S. paratyphi respectively for short, are of important clinical significance, since these two serovars are associated with typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever, also named typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to S. typhi. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. For patients with typhoid, S. typhi, growing in the intestines and blood, can be transmitted by oral-fecal route1. Paratyphoid, another type of enteric fever, is caused by S. paratyphi A, B or C. Paratyphoid resembles typhoid in signs and symptoms.

While antibiotics have markedly reduced the frequency of typhoid in developed nations, it remains endemic in developing countries2. In contrast to nontyphoidal salmonellae, S. typhi and S. paratyphi enter the host’s system primarily through the distal ileum. With specialized fimbriae that adhere to the epithelium over clusters of lymphoid tissue in the ileum, the main relay point for macrophages traveling from the gut into the lymphatic system. The bacteria then induce their host macrophages to attract more macrophages3. The ability to resist intracellular killing and to multiply within these cells a measure of the bacterial virulence. Thy enter the mesenteric lymph nodes where they multiply, and via the thoracic duct, enter the blood stream. A transient bacteremia follows, heralding the onset of the clinical symptoms.

Chronic carriers are responsible for much of the transmission of the organism. While asymptomatic, they may continue to shed bacteria in their stool for decades. The bacteria excreted by a single carrier may have multiple genotypes, making it difficult to trace an outbreak to its origin4. Therefore, diagnosis of such pathogens will not only provide an aid in treatment therapy, but also reduce the transmission risk from symptomatic patients and chronic carriers to other population.

The diagnosis of typhoid consists of isolation of the bacilli and the demonstration of antibodies. The isolation of the bacilli is very time-consuming and antibody detection is not very specific. Other serological tests for antibody detection including the Widal reaction also show poor sensitivity and specificity. The S. Typhi/ S. Paratyphi Rapid Test takes only 10-20 minutes and requires only a small quantity of human feces to perform. It is the easiest and most specific method for detecting S. typhi/ S. paratyphi infection.

Test Procedure

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